Stacks

Last-in, first-out (LIFO): push and pop at the same end.

Beginner

Operations push, pop and peek are all $O(1)$ .

stack = []
stack.append("(")     # push
stack.pop()           # pop

Uses: function call frames, undo history, expression evaluation, checking balanced brackets, and depth-first search. On a microcontroller, the hardware stack stores return addresses and local variables.

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