EV Charging

AC and DC charging levels, connectors and how charging time is calculated.

Intermediate

Type	Power	Notes
AC slow (home socket)	~2–3.3 kW	230 V, 15/16 A; on-board charger
AC Type 2	7.4–22 kW	single- or three-phase; on-board charger limits rate
DC fast (CCS2)	30–350 kW	charger converts to DC; bypasses on-board charger
LEV DC (Bharat LECCS etc.)	few kW	light EVs in India

$\text{charging time} \approx \frac{\text{energy to add (kWh)}}{\text{charging power (kW)} \times \eta}$

Example: adding 30 kWh at 7.2 kW with 90 % efficiency ≈ 4.6 h. DC fast charging slows down above about 80 % SoC as the BMS reduces current to protect the cells. Chargers communicate with the vehicle (control pilot PWM signal for AC; PLC for CCS).

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