Shift Registers
Flip-flops in a chain that shift data one position per clock — converting serial to parallel and back.
Easy
The 74HC595 (serial in, parallel out) adds 8 outputs using just 3 microcontroller pins (data, clock, latch), and can be daisy-chained for more:
digitalWrite(LATCH, LOW);
shiftOut(DATA, CLOCK, MSBFIRST, 0b10110001);
digitalWrite(LATCH, HIGH); // outputs update together
The 74HC165 (parallel in, serial out) reads 8 buttons with 3 pins. Shift registers are also the core of UART and SPI hardware.
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