Distribution Systems

Distribution networks at 33 kV, 11 kV and 415/230 V bring power from substations to consumers.

Intermediate

Typical Indian chain: transmission substation → 33 kV sub-transmission → 33/11 kV substations → 11 kV feeders → 11 kV/433 V distribution transformers → 415 V three-phase / 230 V single-phase to consumers.

Network topologies:

Radial — simple and cheap, but a fault interrupts everyone downstream.
Ring main — two supply paths; better reliability.
Interconnected / mesh — used in cities.

Quality issues include voltage drop, losses (technical and commercial), unbalance between phases and harmonics.

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