Two-Port Networks

Describe a network by its relationship between input and output voltages and currents — Z, Y, h and ABCD parameters.

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A two-port network is characterised by four parameters that relate $V_1, I_1, V_2, I_2$ :

Z parameters: $V_1 = z_{11}I_1 + z_{12}I_2$ , $V_2 = z_{21}I_1 + z_{22}I_2$ .
Y parameters: currents in terms of voltages.
h (hybrid) parameters: used for BJT small-signal models ( $h_{ie}$ , $h_{fe}$ …).
ABCD (transmission) parameters: $V_1 = AV_2 + BI_2$ , $I_1 = CV_2 + DI_2$ — cascaded networks simply multiply their ABCD matrices, ideal for transmission lines.

Reciprocal networks have $z_{12} = z_{21}$ ; for ABCD, $AD - BC = 1$ .

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