Digital Electronics
Circuits that work with two levels — 0 and 1 — from logic gates to flip-flops, counters, memories and converters.
Digital circuits represent information with discrete voltage levels, which makes them immune to small amounts of noise and lets billions of identical switching elements be combined reliably. This subject covers number systems, Boolean algebra, combinational and sequential logic, logic families, memory and data conversion.
Sub-topics (9)
Number Systems
Binary, octal, decimal and hexadecimal — and converting between them.
Logic Gates
AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR and XNOR — the building blocks of digital circuits.
Boolean Algebra
The algebra of 0 and 1: laws, De Morgan's theorems and simplification.
Combinational Circuits
Circuits whose outputs depend only on the present inputs: adders, multiplexers, decoders and comparators.
Sequential Circuits
Circuits with memory: outputs depend on inputs and on stored state, usually updated on a clock edge.
Logic Families
TTL and CMOS logic levels, noise margins, fan-out and level shifting.
Semiconductor Memory
SRAM, DRAM, ROM, EEPROM and Flash — how chips store data.
Analog to Digital Converters
ADCs measure a voltage and turn it into a number — resolution, sampling and common architectures.
Digital to Analog Converters
DACs turn numbers into voltages — R-2R ladders, PWM-based DACs and key specs.
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