Power Supplies
Convert mains or battery power into the clean, stable DC voltages electronics need.
A typical linear mains supply has four stages: transformer → rectifier → filter → regulator. Modern designs mostly use switching converters for efficiency, with linear regulators where low noise matters.
Sub-topics (5)
Rectifiers
Half-wave, full-wave and bridge circuits convert AC into pulsating DC.
Filter Capacitors and Ripple
A reservoir capacitor smooths rectified DC; its size sets the remaining ripple.
Linear Regulators
Regulators like the 7805 and LM317 hold a steady output voltage by burning the excess as heat.
Switching Regulators
DC–DC converters switch an inductor on and off rapidly to convert voltage with 80–95 % efficiency.
Battery Technologies
Lithium-ion, LiFePO4, NiMH and lead-acid batteries — voltages, capacities and charging.
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